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定 语 从 句 总 结
一、限制性定语从句
分析：定语从句是由关系代词who, that, which, whom, whose或个别特殊词汇引导。修饰人时可用who/whom/that, 修饰物时可用that/which，whose起所有格的作用，表示“…….的”。定语从句所修饰的名词称作先行词。关系代词在从句中可以做主语也可以做宾语。
★（1）关系代词做主语
eg: The girl who came this morning is my sister .
The man who sells bags is my brother.
The man who offered me a job is an Australian.
★（2）关系代词做宾语
eg: The man whom I talked to is a policeman.
She is just the girl that/whom I met yesterday.
This is just the book that I want.
注意：当关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
whom 可用that代替，口语中常常省略关系代词。
（3）whose表示所有格，whose+名词在从句中做主语或宾语
eg: The boy whose sister is a teacher is standing at the door.
I like the TV set whose brand is TCL.
I have a book whose name is Love Story.
（4）当定语从句前面有介词时，关系代词只能用which或whom，不能用that和who，that不能紧跟在介词后面，但是把介词放在句尾，则可以用that。
eg: This is just the house which I lived in.
This is the just house in which I lived.
The man from whom we bought the tickets is a liar.
This is just the house that I lived in.
This is the man that I talked with.
This is the man with whom I talked.
(5)如果句子中有如下词和结构：all, everyone, everybody, anyone, no one, nobody, those, the only和形容词最高级，there be结构，祈使句等等，则后面如果要使用定语从句，关系代词一般不用which和who，而使用that。
eg: That is the only way that leads to your success.
We have to consider the first thing that starts our work..
This is the most impressive TV theatre that has never been on show before.
(6)定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数
例：1) This is the magazine which was/is sent to me by post.
2) I am the only one that is chosen to recite the poem.
★3)Only one of the students who were born in America knows some Chinese.
注意：按照现行语法规定，如果在定语从句中出现了one of作为先行词，它后面的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词。
例：He is one of the students in my class who speak 3 languages.
意思是：他是我们班会说3种语言的很多学生当中的一个。在这里，由who引导的定语从句修饰的先行词是students，而非one。
但如果one直接做主语时，它做单数看待
例：One of my friends is a policeman. 我的朋友当中的一个是警察。
（7）在定语从句中，还可以用when, where, why等关系副词连接定语从句。
关系副词=介词+which，如：when=在什么时候，where=在什么地方，why=为什么原因。
eg: 1995 is the year when I was born.
This is the village where he was born.
He didn’t tell me the reason why he left.
二、非限制性定语从句
分析：
(1)非限制性定语从句可以用who, whom, whose, which以及相应的关系副词引导，它与被修饰词之间是一种解释说明的关系，是对先行词的附加说明，如果将它去掉不会影响整句话的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
例：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
（非限制性）
★限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句对比：
The visitors who knew the danger didn’t go any further.
（有些旅客知道了，有些还不知道）
The visitors, who knew the danger, didn’t go any further.
（全部旅客都知道了）
The old man has a son who is in the army. (这个老人可能不止一个儿子)
The old man has a son, who is in the army. （这个老人只有一个儿子）
如果当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的那幢房子有个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很感人，我已经读了三遍。
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
(2)as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
例题：
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后面成为句子，但两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语一般是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词多数情况下用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
虚拟语气总结：
[虚拟语气]与过去相反的虚拟语气，从句用had done，主句用would have done有机会做某事：have/stand a chance to do sth/of sth----[语法讲解]：“虚拟语气”
考生应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式：
第一种：由 “ if ”引导的虚拟句子
1. 与现在的事实相反：[If --- + were/did---, --- + would do---]
If I were you , I would marry him.
如果我是你,就会嫁给他。
2. 与过去的事实相反：[If --- + had done---, --- +would have done---]
If you had worked hard , you would have passed the exam.
如果你用功学习,就会通过考试了。
3. 与将来的事实可能相反：[If ---+ should do---, ---+ would do---]
If it should rain tomorrow , what would you do ?
如果明天下雨,你怎么办?
第二种：用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中
从句谓语形式为：“---(should ) + do sth”(在美语中should常省去) 。
类似用法的动词有：
insist (坚持) , suggest (建议) , order(命令) , propose (建议) , demand (要求) , command (命令) , advise (建议) , desire (要求、请求) , request (请求) , require (需要、要求) , ask (要求) , prefer (宁愿), recommend(推荐) , arrange ( 安排) , advocate ( 拥护、提倡) ,maintain(坚决主张)等后面的宾语从句中。
第三种：用在“It + be + important (,necessary , natural , essential , strange , absurd , amazing , annoying , desirable, surprising , vital , advisable , anxious , compulsory , crucial , imperative , eager , fitting , possible , impossible , improper , obligatory , probable , preferable , strange , urgent 等, 以及insisted , suggested , ordered , requested , arranged , recommended 等) + that ---”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中第四种：用在It is time that --- 结构中, 表示“该干某事了”, 含建议的意思, 用动词过去式。
It is time (that) we went to bed .
咱们该睡觉了。
注意: time 前可加about (表示“大约”) 或high(表示“强调”) 等。
最新四级真题：
3.The victim (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time.
[解题步骤]:
第一步：由The victim if he had been taken to hospital in time.可以推出，划线处应该填写谓语动词和宾语使得主句完整，并且主句形式、时态根据后面的if he had been taken to hospital in time确定应该采取虚拟语气，是对过去的虚拟。
第二步：划分成分“本来会有机会活下来”
核心谓语动词是“本来有机会------”，“活下来”作宾语。
第三步：
1.切块对应翻译：“本来有机会------”= would have a chance to do sth，“活下来”=survive
2.重新组合：would have a chance to survive.
[正确答案]：would have/stand a chance to survive/of survival
[翻 译]：如果遇难者被及时送往医院的话，他本来会有机会活下来的。
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